The history behind sankthansaften
The celebration of sankthansaften has its roots in a blend of Christian and pre-Christian traditions. In ancient times people believed nature's forces were very strong in midsummer. So, they gathered to protect themselves against evil spirits and witchcraft. As Christianity spread in Northern Europe, it did so partly by incorporating previous customs. The midsummer festivals were largely accepted by the Christian church, but the official reason became the celebration of John the Baptist (known in Danish as Sankt Hans – hence “sankthansaften”).
Why does the bonfire have a witch doll on top?
The most iconic feature of sankthansaften is the large bonfire. All over Denmark, whether by the coast, in parks or in private gardens, people gather to light bonfires. On top of the bonfire often sits a witch doll, made of straw or old clothes, ready to be burned. This represents bidding farewell to evil and welcoming a brighter future. However, the witch doll is a quite new tradition. The first occurrence we know about was around 1900.
So, there is no direct historical connection between these doll burnings and the barbaric witch burnings of the 1500s and 1600s, when many were convicted of witchcraft and executed. Nonetheless, for some people this particular Midsummer’s Eve tradition is neither entertaining nor fun, as it reminds them of the past, which can be perceived as misogynistic. And for this reason, some Danes choose not to have a bonfire witch.
Singing the midsummer song
No sankthansaften is complete without singing "Midsommervisen." This song, written by Danish poet Holger Drachmann, is a tribute to summer and community. As the bonfire blazes, people gather around and sing together. It’s a beautiful and touching tradition that unites generations.
Community and hygge
Sankthansaften is not just about traditions but also about spending time with family and friends. It's an evening filled with "hygge" - a Danish word you have probably heard about. (But if not, be sure to read our blog post about Danish hygge.) People often enjoy barbecues, good food and drinks, and simply relish each other's company. Many places also organise communal meals and activities for children, making it a night for everyone.
A modern twist
While traditions are still very much alive, sankthansaften has also adopted a modern twist. Many towns organise larger events featuring live music, speeches and fireworks. It's the perfect occasion to experience Danish culture and feel the special atmosphere associated with this summer night.
Experience sankthansaften
If you have the chance to experience sankthansaften in Denmark, seize it! It is an evening filled with magic, tradition and community. Whether you attend a large public event or a smaller private bonfire, sankthansaften can leave you with beautiful memories of Danish summer.